Reference Works / Primary Sources / Secondary Sources

Reference Works

Guides / Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Handbooks, Manuals & Gazetteers / Biographical Sources / Libraries & Archives

Guides

De Archieven van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie. The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (1602-1795). Comp. by R. Raben, H. Spijkerman and M. Meilink-Roelofsz. Sdu Uitgeverij Koninginnegracht: '-Gravernhage, 1992.

GOMMANS, Jos, BES, Lennant, and KRUJTZER, Gijs, Dutch Sources on South Asia c.1600-1825 Vol.1 Bibliography and Archival Guide to the National Archives at the Hague (Netherlands). New Delhi: Manohar, 2001. [see: pp.59-73; 221-299].

GOONETILEKE, H.A.I. A Bibliography of Ceylon. 1970.

Guide to the Papers of Lachlan Macquarie and the Macquarie Family in the Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW. Sydney: Library Council of NSW, 1990.

Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Handbooks, Manuals & Gazetteers

Encyclopedia of Asian History. (ed). Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988 [4 vols].

History of the Public Works Department, Ceylon 1796 to 1896. Compiled by P.M. Bingham. Colombo: Goverment Printer, 1922 [Vols.I-II].

LEWIS, Ivor. Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs: a dictionary of the words of Anglo-India. Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Sri Lanka Gazetteer. (ed.) S.R. Bakshi. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications, 2000 [2 vols].

WHITE, Herbert, The Manual of the Province of Uva. Colombo: Government Printer, 1893.

YULE, Henry and Burnell, A.C. Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1968 (2nd ed.). [New ed. edited by William Crooke].

Biographical Sources

Australian Dictionary of Biography. [ADB]. Vols.1-2: 1788 -1850. (ed.) Douglas Pike. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press,1966-1967.

Dictionary of Australian Artists: Painters, Sketchers, Photographers and Engravers to 1870. (Ed.) Joan Kerr. Melbourne: Oxford University Press,1992.

Dictionary of National Biography. [DNB]. London: Elder Smith & Co., 1885-1888.

Ferrar, M.L. Officers of the the Green Howards, Alexandra, Princess of Wales' Own (Yorkshire Regiment) (formerly the 19th Foot) 1688 to 1920. London: Eden Fisher & Co. 1920.

JOHNSON, William, Roll of Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1917.

Lagden, Alan and Sly, John, The 2/73rd At Waterloo. Brightlingsea, Essex, Privately Printed, 1998 [2nd ed.]

LEWIS, J. Penry, List of Inscriptions on Tombstones and Monuments in Ceylon of Historical or Local Interest, with an Obituary of Persons Uncommemorated. Colombo: Government Printer, 1913 [Reprint: New Delhi: Navrang, 1994].

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (eds.) Colin Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 [60 vols].

RIDDICK, John F. Who Was Who in British India. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1998.

The Royal Military Calendar or Army Service and Commission Book containing the services and progress of promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-Generals, Major-Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors of the Army, according to seniority: with details of the principal miliatry events of the last century. London: A.J. Valpy, 1820 (5 vols). [Facsimile reprint: The Naval & Military Press, 2003].

SKELTON, Constance Oliver, and BULLOCH, John Malcolm. Gordons Under Arms: a biographical muster roll of officers named Gordon in the navies and armies of Britain, Europe, America and in the Jacobite risings. Aberdeen: The New Spalding Club, 1912.

Libraries & Archives

Institutions with relevant mss., archival and museum holdings include:

Australia
Mitchell Library [State Library of NSW, Sydney]
State Records [Archives Office of NSW, Sydney]

Netherlands
Nationaal Archief van Nederland [National Archives of the Netherlands, The Hague]
Rijksmuseum [Amsterdam]

Sri Lanka
Dutch Period Museum [Colombo]
National Archives of Sri Lanka [Colombo]

United Kingdom
India Office Library [British Library, London]
National Library of Scotland

Primary Sources

Contemporary Works to 1900 / Personal Accounts

Contemporary Works to 1900

Annual Register
Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register [1816-1821]
Asiatic Register
Asiatic Researches
Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine
Ceylon Antiquary and Literary Register
Ceylon Government Gazette [1814-1821]
Edinburgh Review
Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter [1816-1818]
The Naval Chronicle: containing a general and biographical history of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom &c. &c. [1799 -1818]
Sydney Gazette & New South Wales Advertiser [1803-1822]

Personal Accounts

ALEXANDER, Alexander, The Life of Alexander Alexander Written By Himself. (ed.) John Howell. London: William Blackwood, 1830 [2 vols].
[See: Vol. 1 Chapter 3 pp.102-212 dealing with Alexander's military service in Ceylon].

BERTOLACCI, Anthony, A View of the Agricultural, Commercial and Financial Interests of Ceylon. London: first publ.1817. [Reprint: Dehiwala, Sri Lanka: Tisara Prakasakayo, 1983].

de BUSSCHE, Capt. L. Letters on Ceylon particularly relative to the Kingdom of Kandy. London: Stockdale, 1817. [Reprint: New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999].

CALLADINE, G. The Diary of Colour-Sergeant George Calladine, 1793-1837.
edited by M.L. Ferrar. London: Eden Fisher, 1922.

CLEGHORN, Hugh, The Cleghorn Papers: a footnote to history: being the diary 1795-1796 of Hugh Cleghorn of Stravithe. (ed.) Wiliam Neil. London: Black, 1927.

CORDINER, Rev. James, A Description of Ceylon: containing an account of the country, inhabitants and natural productions; with narratives of a tour round the island in 1800, the campaign in Candy in 1803, and a journey to Ramisseram in 1804.
First publ. London: 1807. [Reprint 1983].

DAVY, John, An Account of the Interior of Ceylon and of Its Inhabitants with Travels in that Island. Dehiwala, Ceylon: Tisara Prakasakayo, 1969. [Orig. publ. 1821].

D'OYLY, John Diary of Mr. John D'Oyly. Colombo: Navrang, 1995 [reprint]
(Orig. publ. in 1917 as a Special Publication issued by Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXV., No. 69).

FORBES, Major, Eleven Years in Ceylon: comprising sketches of the field sports and natural history of that colony, and an account of its history and antiquities.
London: Richard Bentley, 1840.

GRAHAM, Maria Journal of a Residence in India. Edinburgh: George Ramsay, 1812. [See: pp.85-107].

MARSHALL, Henry, Ceylon: a General Description of the Island and of Its Inhabitants. Dehiwala, Sri Lanka : Tisara Prakasakayo, 1982. [Orig. publ. 1846].

MARSHALL, Henry, Notes on the Medical Topography of the Interior of Ceylon; and on the health of the troops employed in the Kandyan provinces during the years 1815,1816,1817,1818,1819, and 1820 with brief remarks on the prevailing diseases. London: Burgess and Hill, 1821.

A Narrative of Events which have recently occurred in the Island of Ceylon. Written by a Gentleman on the spot. London: 1815. [compilation from the London Gazette and related contemporary newspapers].

The Recollections of Sergeant Morris
edited by John Selby. Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire: Windrush Press, 1998.
[Originally published as: Recollections of Military Service in 1813, 1814, and 1815. London: Madden, 1845].

VALENTIA, George, Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, The Red Sea, Abysinnia, and Egypt in the years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806.
London: Rivington, 1811. [4 vols.]
[Reprint: New Delhi; Asian Educational Services, 1994].

WELSH, James, Military Reminiscences: extracted from a journal of nearly forty years' active service in the East Indies London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1830, 3rd ed. [2 vols].

Secondary Sources

General Works / Art Architecture & Culture / Biographical / Maritime / Medical / Military History / Espionage / Places/ Additional Sources

General Works

Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands 1750-1850. (eds.) Bob Moore and Henk van Nierop. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.

GOONERATNE, Brendon. The Epic Struggle of the Kingdom of Kandy and its Relevance to Modern Indo-Sri Lankan Relations. London: Argus, 1995.

GOONERATNE, Brendon and GOONERATNE, Yasmine. This Inscrutable Englishman: Sir John D'Oyly, Baronet, 1774-1824. London: Cassell, 1999.

MILLS, L.A. Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795-1932. London: Frank Cass, 1964. [orig. publ. 1933].

PIERIS, P. E. Tri Sinhala : the last phase, 1796-1815. Colombo: Colombo Apothecaries, 1939.

PIERIS, Ralph. Sinhalese Social Organization: The Kandyan Period. Colombo: Ceylon University Press, 1956.

SCHRIKKER, Alicia. Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780-1815. Leiden: Brill 2007.

de SILVA, Colvin R. Ceylon Under the British Occupation, 1795-1833. Colombo: Colombo Apothecaries' Co., 1953-1962. [2nd ed.]

de SILVA, K.M. A History of Sri Lanka. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

VIMALANANDA, Tennakoon, The Great Rebellion of 1818: the story of the first war of independence and betrayal of the nation. Colombo: M.D. Gunasena, 1970. [Gunasena Historical Series V.5 Pt.1].

WICKREMERATNE, V.C. "The English East India Company and Society in the Maritime Provinces of Ceylon 1796-1802." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1971 No.2 pp. 139-155.

Art, Architecture & Culture

JAFFER, Amin.
Furniture from British India and Ceylon: a catalogue of the collections in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Peabody Essex Museum. London: V & A Publications, 2001.

de SILVA, R.K.
Early Prints of Ceylon (Sri Lanka): 1800-1900.
London: Serendib Publications, 1985.

de SILVA, R.K. and BEUMER, W.G.M.
Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602-1796 : A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference with Selected Eye-witness Accounts.
London: Serendib Publications, 1988.

Biographical:

Lachlan Macquarie

ELLIS, M. H., Lachlan Macquarie: his life, adventures, and times.
Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1952 [2nd ed. revised].

McGUANNE, J.P. "Lachlan Macquarie and his Times up to 1810." Royal Australian Historical Society. Journal. Vol. 4, Part 2, 1917, pp. 49 -124.

RITCHIE, John, Lachlan Macquarie: a biography.
Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1986 pp.25-49.

John D'Oyly
GOONERATNE, Brendon and GOONERATNE, Yasmine, This Inscrutable Englishman. Sir John D'Oyly (1774-1824) London; Cassell, 1999.

Maritime

CUMPSTON, J.S. Shipping Arrivals and Departures Sydney, 1788-1825.
Canberra: Roebuck, 1977 [Roebuck Society Publication No.22].

FARRINGTON, Anthony. A Biographical Index of East India Company Maritime Service Officers: 1600-1834. London: The British Library, 1999.

FARRINGTON, Anthony.Catalogue of East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834. London: The British Library, 1999.

LYON, David. The Sailing Navy List: all the ships of the Royal Navy - built, purchased and captured 1688 - 1860. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1993.

NICHOLSON, I. H. Gazetteer of Sydney Shipping 1788-1840. Canberra: Roebuck,1981. [Roebuck Society Publication No.26].

NICHOLSON, Ian Hawkins. Shipping Arrivals and Departures Tasmania, Vol.1,1803-1833. Canberra: Roebuck, 1983 [Roebuck Society Publication No.30].

WINFIELD, Rif. British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793-1817: design, construction, careers and fates. London: Chatham Publishing, 2005.

Medical

BLANCO, Richard L. "Henry Marshall (1775-1851) and the Health of the British Army." Medical History Vol. 14 No. 3 1970 pp.260-276.

HEWA , Soma "Dissent and Desire: Colonial Discourse and Medicine in Nineteenth Century Sri Lanka." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka Vol. XLII 1997 pp.37-58.

KAUFMAN, Matthew H. Surgeons At War: medical arrangements for the treatment of the sick and wounded in the British Army during the late 18th and 19th centuries. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001. [Contributions in Military Studoes, Number 205].

KENNEDY, Dane "The Perils of the Midday Sun: Climatic Anxieties in the Colonial Tropics." in Imperialism and the Natural World (ed.) John M. MacKenzie. Manchester: Manchester University Press, c. 1990 pp.118-140.

MAHROOF, M.M.M. "The English Doctor in Sri Lanka." The Indian Economic and Social History Review 35, 3 (1998) pp. 275-292.

Military History:

General

ADKIN, Mark,The Waterloo Companion: The Complete Guide to History's Most Famous Land Battle. London: Aurum Press, 2001.

HOLMES, Richard, Redcoat: the British soldier in the age of horse and musket. London: HarperCollins, 2001.

WICKREMESEKERA, Channa, Best Black Troops in the World: British perceptions and the making of the sepoy, 1746-1805. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2002.

Ceylon

BROHIER, R.L. The Golden Age of Military Adventure in Ceylon: an account of the Uva Rebellion 1817-1818. Colombo: 1933 [Limited ed. 150 copies].

FERRAR, M.L. Historical Record of the Green Howards XIXth Regiment: a history of the services of the 19th Regiment: now Alexandra, Princess of Wales' Own (Yorkshire Regiment) from its formation in 1688 to 1911. London: Eden Fisher, 1911.

FORTESQUE, J.W.,A History of the British Army. London: Macmillan, 1906. [see: Vol. IV. Part II 1789-1801].

HAYTHORNTHWAITE, Philip J., The Colonial Wars Source Book. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1995 [pp.150-154].

LAMB, John Bruce. "Funerals For the Officers, Arrack for the Men."Army Quarterly and Defence Journal. Vol. 102(2) 1972 pp.233-237.

de MEURON, Guy , Le Regiment Meuron 1781-1816. Lausanne: Le Forum Historique, c.1982.

PIERIS, P.E. Sinhale and the Patriots, 1815-1818. Colombo: Colombo Apothecaries Company, 1950.

POWELL, Geoffrey, The Kandyan Wars: the British Army in Ceylon 1803-1818. London: Leo Cooper, 1973.

WICKREMESEKERA, Channa, "Military Organisation in Pre-Modern Sri Lanka: The Army of the Kandyan Kings." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. Volume XXVII Number 2 August 2004 pp.133-151

Espionage

DEP, A.C. "Espionage and the Great Spy, Wattala Appu." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Sri Lanka Branch. Vol. 28, 1983-1984 pp.1-24.

Forts & Fortifications

CLEMENTS, William H. Towers of Strength : Martello Towers Worldwide. London: Pen & Sword Books / Leo Cooper, 1999.

History of the Public Works Department, Ceylon 1796 to 1896 Vol.II. Compiled by P.M. Bingham. Colombo: Goverment Printer, 1922.
[See: Chapter 1. J.P. Lewis 'The Old Forts and Military Posts of Ceylon'. pp.1-36].

KEUNEMAN, Herbert " The Forts of Ceylon. A discourse on fortification together with notes on the persisting Portuguese and Dutch forts of Ceylon." Times of Ceylon 1967 pp.66-78.

NELSON, William A. The Dutch Forts of Sri Lanka: the military monuments of Ceylon. Edinburgh: Canongate, 1984.

19th Regiment

POWELL, Geoffrey and POWELL, John,The History of the Green Howards: three hundred years of service.
Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Leo Cooper, 2002. rev. ed.[First publ. 1992].
[see: Chapter 3 'The Kandyan Wars and Napoleon: 1793-1820' pp.57-78].

73rd Regiment

DALTON, Charles, Waterloo Roll Call: With Biographical Notes and Anecdotes Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press, 2001. [Orig. publ. 1904].

Historical Record of the Seventy-Third Regiment: containing an account of the formation of the Regiment from the period of its being raised as the Second Battalion of the Forty-Second Highlanders in 1780 and of its subsequent services to 1851. Compiled by Richard Cannon. London: Parker, Furnivall & Parker,1851.

LAGDEN, Alan and SLY, John, The 2/73rd at Waterloo: including a roll of all ranks present with biographical notes.
Brightlingsea: Privately Printed 1998 [2nd ed.]

STEWART, Capt. John, The Royal Highland Regiment. The Black Watch, formerly 42nd and 73rd Foot. Medal Roll 1801-1911. Uckfield, Sussex: Naval & Military Press, 2001 [Reprint].

Places:

Badulla

DELORAINE, Ferdinand "Old Badulla." Dutch Burgher Union Journal Vol. 46 No.2/3 [1956] pp. 79-87.

Colombo

BROHIER, R.L. The Changing Face of Colombo (1505-1972): covering the Portuguese, Dutch, and British periods. With Addendum by Ismeth Raheem Views of Colombo, 1518-1900. Colombo: Isidunu Publication, 2000 [2nd ed.]
[Originally publ: Colombo: Lake House Investments, 1984].

COLIN-THOME, Percy, "Governor Van Angelbeek and the Capitulation of the Dutch Settlements in Ceylon to the British (1796)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka Vol. 24 (1978-1979) pp. 20-48.

Galle

Sri Lanka Department of Archaeology Report on the Joint Sri Lanka-Australia-Netherlands Galle Harbour Project 1996-1997. (eds.) Jeremy Green, Somasiri Devendra and Robert Parthesius.
Freemantle: Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology' 1998 [Western Australian Maritme Museum Special Publication No. 4].

ROBERTS, Norah, Galle As Quiet As Sleep. Galle: N. Roberts, 1993.

WAGENAAR, Lodewijk, Galle VOC-vestiging in Ceylon. Beschrijving van een koloiale samenleving aan de vooravond van de Singalese opstand tegen het Nederlandse gezag, 1760. Amsterdam: de Bataafsche Leeuw, 1994.

Kandy

DUNCAN, James S. The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

KARUNARATNE, Nihal, Kandy, Past and Present (1474-1998 A.D.). Colombo: Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Religious & Cultural Affairs, 1999.

Trincomalee

DEWARAJA, Lorna, Sri Lanka Through French Eyes. Colombo: Institute of Fundamental Studies, 1989.

GRAHAM, Gerald S. Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: a study of maritime enterprise 1810-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967 [see: "The Rise and Fall of Trincomalee" pp. 305-328].

NEVILL, Hugh, "Notes on Military History of Trincomalie." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka Vol. XXXVIII 1993/1994 pp.35-126.

de SILVA, D.G.B., "Hugh Nevill's 'Notes on Military History of Trincomalie' ". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka Vol. XXXVIII 1993/1994 pp.1-34.

THOMAS, G.P. The History of Trincomalee. Colombo: Times of Ceylon, 1940.

Uva

WHITE, Herbert, Manual of the Province of Uva. Colombo: Ceylon Government Printer, 1893.

Additional Sources

Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union [1908-1909; 1926]